Nov 29, 2018 Chanel Resmi Tausiyah Habib Hasan Bin Ismail Al Muhdhor. Chanel Resmi Tausiyah Habib Hasan Bin Ismail Al Muhdhor. Skip navigation Sign in. Apr 15, 2018 Sayyid Muhammad Amin Al Idrisi Al Hasani Al Maghoribi (Maroko) merupakan pimpinan Cabang majelis Rasulullah di negara Maroko. Al-Idrisi Al-Maghoribi merupakan Keturunan Sayyid Idris yang bersambung pada Sayyidina Muhammad bin Hasan bin Ali bin Abi Thalib. Leluhur mereka adalah pendiri Kerajaan Maroko, kerajaan ini berjaya sampai kini dan secara.
Muhammad Alawi al-Maliki | |
---|---|
Title | Shaykh |
Personal | |
Born | 1944 |
Died | 2004 (aged 59-60) Mecca, Saudi Arabia |
Resting place | Mecca, Saudi Arabia |
Religion | Islam |
Nationality | Saudi Arabian |
Ethnicity | Arab |
Era | Modern |
Region | Arabian Peninsula |
Denomination | Sunni (Sufism) |
Jurisprudence | Maliki |
Creed | Ash'ari |
Alma mater | Al-Azhar University |
Tariqa | Shadhili |
Occupation | Islamic scholar, Imam |
Senior posting |
Part of a series on Islam Sufism |
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Muhammad Alawi al-Maliki (1944–2004) was a Sunni (Sufi) Islamic scholar from Saudi Arabia.
- 1Life
- 2Works
- 2.1Selected works on various subjects
- 2.2Fiqh
Life[edit]
Family background[edit]
Muhammad Alawi al-Maliki was born in Mecca to a family of well known scholars who, like himself, taught in the Sacred Mosque.[1]
Education[edit]
With his father’s instruction, he also studied and mastered the various traditional Islamic sciences of Aqidah (Islamic theology), Tafsir (Qur'anic exegesis), Hadith (Prophetic tradition), Seerah (Prophetic biography), Fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence), Usul (origins and fundamentals), Mustalah (hadith terminology), Nahw (Arabic grammar), etc. Scholars of Mecca, as well as Medina, all of whom granted him full Ijazah (certification) to teach these sciences to others. Some of the scholars from whom he obtained ijazahs and chains of transmission from include: His father, Shaykh al-Sayyid 'Alawi ibn 'Abbas al-Maliki al-Hasani, Shaykh as-Sayyid al-Habib Ahmad Mashhur TaHa al-Haddad, Shaikh Hasanain Makhlouf, Shaykh Muhammad Hafidh al-Tijani, Shaykh Amin Kutbi, and numerous others.[2]
After finishing his traditional education in his hometown of Makkah, he was sent by his father to study at Al-Azhar University of Egypt. He received his Ph.D. from the Al-Azhar University at the age of 25, making him the first and youngest Saudi to earn a Ph.D. from there.[citation needed] His thesis on Hadith was rated excellent and highly praised by the eminent Ulama (Islamic scholar) of the university at that time, such as Muhammad Abu Zahra.[citation needed]
Career[edit]
By the age of 15, al-Maliki started teaching Hadith and Fiqh in the Masjid al-Haram of Makkah to fellow students, by the orders of his teachers.[citation needed]
He taught a number of students at his own residence, providing them with food, shelter, and learning material free of cost.[citation needed] These students usually stayed with him for many years, learning the various branches of Islamic knowledge, then return to their lands. Hundreds of his students have become savants of Islamic knowledge and spirituality in their own countries, particularly Indonesia, Malaysia, Egypt, and Yemen. After returning from the Al-Azhar University he was an appointed professor of Sharia at the Umm al-Qura University in Mecca, where he taught from 1970. In 1971, after his father’s death, the scholars of Mecca asked him to accept his father’s position as a teacher in the Masjid al-Haram, which he did. Thus, he sat on the Chair from which his family had taught for more than century. He also taught in the Al-Masjid al-Nabawi in Medina occasionally. His lessons were the largest attended lessons in the Two Masjids. The entire family of Al-Maliki follows Shadhiliyah Sufi order and particularly Fassiya branch of it through Qutbul Ujood Imam Fassi who was leading the Sufi order from Makkah. Muhammad alawi al-Maliki took vow from Sheikh Dr. Muhammad bin Ibrahim al Fassi who was the Sheikh-us-Sujjadah and the international leader of the Fassiyatush Shadhiliya sufi order at his times.
In the early 1980s, he relinquished his teaching position in the Umm al-Qura University as well as his ancestral chair of teaching in the Masjid al-Haram, due to the Fatwās of the Council of the Senior Scholars of Saudi Arabia headed by Mufti Ibn Baaz, who considered his beliefs to be in violation of the purity of the Monotheistic belief (Tawhid). Shaykh Saalih Aal-Shaykh, the incumbent Minister of Islamic affairs authored a book entitled 'Haazihi Mafaahimuna' [these are our views] in which he attacked the beliefs of the Sayyid, pronouncing him to be deviant and misguided. The book was in fact a rebuttal of Sayyid Al-Maliki's book: 'Mafaahim yajib An Tusahhah' [Views that must be corrected].
Regardless of criticisms against him, Maliki retained prominence. In an attempt to counter the Islamic revival in the early 1990s, the Government of Saudi Arabia began supporting practitioners of Sufism in the Hijaz region as a way to bolster religious support of the state; Maliki became the self-imposed leader of Hijazi Sufism under state sponsorship, with several thousand supporters.[3]
From that time until his death in 2004, he taught Hadith, Fiqh, Tafsir and Tasawwuf at his home and mosque on al-Maliki street in the Rusayfah district of Mecca, and his public lessons, between Maghrib and Isha', were attended by no less than 500 people daily. Many students from the University used to attend his lessons in the evenings. Even the night before he died, his lesson was well attended. Hundreds of students from all over the Islamic world benefited from his lessons in the Masjid al-Haram Makkah and many hold key religious positions in their lands today.
He was also nominated as the head judge at the international Qira'at (Qur'anic reading) competition in Mecca for three consecutive years.
Death[edit]
He died in 2004 and was buried in Mecca. After his death, Saudi dignitaries made condolence visits to his family.[4] Crown Prince 'Abd Allah (the future king) was quoted as stating that al-Maliki 'was faithful both to his religion and country'[5] as one western journalist noted, 'the rehabilitation of his legacy was almost complete.' [6]
Works[edit]
Al-Maliki has written on a variety of religious, legal, social and historical topics.
Selected works on various subjects[edit]
Aqidah[edit]
- Mafahim Yajib ‘an Tusahhah
- Manhaj al-Salaf fi Fahm al-Nusus
- Al-Tahzir min al-Takfir
- Huwa Allah
- Qul Hazihi Sabeeli
- Sharh ‘Aqidat al-‘Awam
Tafsir[edit]
- Zubdat al-Itqan fi ‘Ulum al-Qur’an
- Wa Huwa bi al-Ufuq al-‘A’la
- Al-Qawa‘id al-Asasiyyah fi ‘Ulum al-Quran
- Hawl Khasa’is al-Quran
Hadith[edit]
- Al-Manhal al-Latif fi Usul al-Hadith al-Sharif
- Al-Qawa‘id al-Asasiyyah fi ‘Ilm Mustalah al-Hadith Al-Sharif
- Fadl al-Muwatta wa Inayat al-Ummah al-Islamiyyah bihi
- Anwar al-Masalik fi al-Muqaranah bayn Riwayat al-Muwatta lil-Imam Malik
Seerah[edit]
- Muhammad al-Insan al-Kamil
- ‘Urf al-T ‘arif bi al-Mawlid al-Sharif
- Al-Anwar al-Bahiyyah fi Isra wa M’iraj Khayr al-Bariyyah
- Al-Zakha’ir al-Muhammadiyyah [7]
- Zikriyat wa Munasabat
- Al-Bushra fi Manaqib al-Sayyidah Khadijah al-Kubra
Fiqh[edit]
- Al-Risalah al-Islamiyyah Kamaluha wa Khuluduha wa `Alamiyyatuha
- Labbayk Allahumma Labbayk
- Al-Ziyarah al-Nabawiyyah bayn al-Shar`iyyah wa al-Bid`iyyah
- Shifa' al-Fu'ad bi Ziyarat Khayr al-`Ibad
- Hawl al-Ihtifal bi Zikra al-Mawlid al-Nabawi al-Sharif
- Al-Madh al-Nabawi bayn al-Ghuluww wa al-Ijhaf
Usul[edit]
- Al-Qawa‘id al-Asasiyyah fi Usul al-Fiqh
- Sharh Manzumat al-Waraqat fi Usul al-Fiqh
- Mafhum al-Tatawwur wa al-Tajdid fi al-Shari‘ah al-Islamiyyah
Tasawwuf[edit]
- Shawariq al-Anwar min Ad‘iyat al-Sadah al-Akhyar
- Al-Mukhtar min Kalam al-Akhyar
- Al-Husun al-Mani‘ah
- Mukhtasar Shawariq al-Anwar
Miscellaneous[edit]
- Fi Rihab al-Bayt al-Haram (History of Mecca)
- Al-Mustashriqun Bayn al-Insaf wa al-‘Asabiyyah (Study of Orientalism)
- Nazrat al-Islam ila al-Riyadah (Sports in Islam)
- Al-Qudwah al-Hasanah fi Manhaj al-Da‘wah ila Allah (Methods of Dawah)
- Ma La ‘Aynun Ra’at (Description of Paradise)
- Nizam al-Usrah fi al-Islam (Islam and Family)
- Al-Muslimun Bayn al-Waqi‘ wa al-Tajribah (Contemporary Muslim world)
- Kashf al-Ghumma (Virtues of helping fellow Muslims)
- Al-Dawah al-Islahiyyah (Call for Reform)
- Fi Sabil al-Huda wa al-Rashad (Collection of speeches)
- Sharaf al-Ummah al-Islamiyyah (Superiority of the Muslim Ummah)
- Usul al-Tarbiyah al-Nabawiyyah (Prophetic methods of education)
- Nur al-Nibras fi Asanid al-Jadd al-Sayyid Abbas (Set of Grandfather’s Ijazahs)
- Al-‘Uqud al-Lu’luiyyah fi al-Asanid al-Alawiyyah (Set of father’s Ijazahs)
- Al-Tali‘ al-Sa‘id al-Muntakhab min al-Musalsalat wa al-Asanid (Set of Ijazahs)
- Al-‘Iqd al-Farid al-Mukhtasar min al-Athbah wa al-Asanid (Set of Ijazahs)
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^Marion Holmes Katz, The Birth of the Prophet Muhammad: Devotional piety in Sunni Islam, p. 185. ISBN0203962141. Publication Date: June 6, 2007
- ^Obituary to al-Sayyid Muhammad bin Alawi al-MalikiArchived 2007-10-18 at the Wayback Machine
- ^Stephane Lacroix, Awakening Islam, pg. 220. Trns. George Holoch. Cambridge: President and Fellows of Harvard College, 2011.
- ^Marion Holmes Katz, The Birth of the Prophet Muhammad: Devotional piety in Sunni Islam, p. 215. ISBN0203962141. Publication Date: June 6, 2007. See Khalid ' Abd Allah, ' al-Amlr Sultan yazuru usrat al-Duktur Muhammad 'Alawl al-Malikl mu'azziyan,' Jaridat al-Riyad, 19 Ramadan 1425 (accessed at www.alriyadh.com/Contents/02-l l-2004/Mainpage/LOCALl_24136.php on May 25, 2006).
- ^See P.K. Abdul Ghafour, 'Abdullah Lauds Noble Efforts of Al-Malki,' Arab News, November 2, 2004.(http://www.arabnews.com/node/257480)
- ^Marion Holmes Katz, The Birth of the Prophet Muhammad: Devotional piety in Sunni Islam, p. 215. ISBN0203962141. Publication Date: June 6, 2007. Quoting Ambah, 'In Saudi Arabia,' p. A13.
- ^Zakha'ir al-Muhammadiyyah Urdu Translation
External links[edit]
- Video of Shaikh Muhammad al-Maliki delivering a lecture in Arabic on YouTube
- Video of Shaikh Muhammad al-Maliki at a mawlid gathering in Malaysia on YouTube
- The Prophets in Barzakh and the Hadith of Isra and Miraj Followed by the Immense Merits of Al-Sham - Online book by Shaikh Muhammad
Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muhammad_Alawi_al-Maliki&oldid=892694254'
Statue of al-Idrisi in Ceuta | |
Born | 1100 |
---|---|
Died | 1165 (aged 64–65) Ceuta, Almohad empire |
Known for | Tabula Rogeriana |
Scientific career | |
Fields | Geographer, writer, scientist, cartographer |
Abu Abdullah Muhammad al-Idrisi al-Qurtubi al-Hasani as-Sabti, or simply al-Idrisi/ælɪˈdriːsiː/ (Arabic: أبو عبد الله محمد الإدريسي القرطبي الحسني السبتي; Latin: Dreses; 1100 – 1165), was an Arab[1][2]Muslim geographer, cartographer and Egyptologist who lived in Palermo, Sicily at the court of King Roger II. Muhammed al-Idrisi was born in Ceuta then belonging to the MoroccanAlmoravids.
- 2Tabula Rogeriana
- 3Nuzhat al-Mushtaq
Early life[edit]
Al-Idrisi was born into the large Hammudid family of North Africa and Al-Andalus, which claimed descent from the Idrisids of Morocco and ultimately the prophet Muhammad.[3]
Al-Idrisi was born in the city of Ceuta, where his great-grandfather had been forced to settle after the fall of HammudidMálaga to the Zirids of Granada.[4] He spent much of his early life travelling through North Africa and Al-Andalus (Muslim Spain of the times) and seems to have acquired detailed information on both regions. He visited Anatolia when he was barely 16. He studied in Córdoba.
His travels took him to many parts of Europe including Portugal, the Pyrenees, the French Atlantic coast, Hungary, and Jórvík (now known as York).
Tabula Rogeriana[edit]
The Tabula Rogeriana, drawn by al-Idrisi for Roger II of Sicily in 1154, one of the most advanced medieval world maps. Modern consolidation, created from al-Idrisi's 70 double-page spreads, shown upside-down as the original had South at the top.
Al-Idrisi's world map from 'Alî ibn Hasan al-Hûfî al-Qâsimî's 1456 copy. According to the French National Library, 'Ten copies of the Kitab Rujar or Tabula Rogeriana exist worldwide today. Of these ten, six contain at the start of the work a circular map of the world which is not mentioned in the text of al-Idris'. The original text dates to 1154. Note that south is at the top of the map.
Because of conflict and instability in Al-Andalus al-Idrisi joined contemporaries such as Abu al-Salt in Sicily, where the Normans had overthrown Arabs formerly loyal to the Fatimids.
Al-Idrisi incorporated the knowledge of Africa, the Indian Ocean and the Far East gathered by Islamic merchants and explorers and recorded on Islamic maps with the information brought by the Norman voyagers to create the most accurate map of the world in pre-modern times,[5] which served as a concrete illustration of his Kitab nuzhat al-mushtaq, (Latin: Opus Geographicum), which may be translated A Diversion for the Man Longing to Travel to Far-Off Places.[6]
The Tabula Rogeriana was drawn by al-Idrisi in 1154 for the Norman King Roger II of Sicily, after a stay of eighteen years at his court, where he worked on the commentaries and illustrations of the map. The map, with legends written in Arabic, while showing the Eurasian continent in its entirety, only shows the northern part of the African continent and lacks details of the Horn of Africa and Southeast Asia.
For Roger it was inscribed on a massive disc of solid silver, two metres in diameter.
On the geographical work of al-Idrisi, S.P. Scott wrote in 1904:
The compilation of Edrisi marks an era in the history of science. Not only is its historical information most interesting and valuable, but its descriptions of many parts of the earth are still authoritative. For three centuries geographers copied his maps without alteration. The relative position of the lakes which form the Nile, as delineated in his work, does not differ greatly from that established by Baker and Stanley more than seven hundred years afterwards, and their number is the same. The mechanical genius of the author was not inferior to his erudition. The celestial and terrestrial planisphere of silver which he constructed for his royal patron was nearly six feet in diameter, and weighed four hundred and fifty pounds; upon the one side the zodiac and the constellations, upon the other-divided for convenience into segments-the bodies of land and water, with the respective situations of the various countries, were engraved.[5]
Al-Idrisi inspired Islamic geographers such as Ibn Battuta, Ibn Khaldun and Piri Reis. His map also inspired Christopher Columbus and Vasco Da Gama.[citation needed]
Description of islands in the North Sea[edit]
Al-Idrisi in his famous Tabula Rogeriana mentioned Irlandah-al-Kabirah (Great Ireland).[7] According to him, 'from the extremity of Iceland to that of Great Ireland,' the sailing time was 'one day.' Although historians note that both al-Idrisi and the Norse tend to understate distances, the only location this reference is thought to have possibly pointed to, must likely have been in Greenland.[8]
Description of Chinese trade[edit]
Al-Idrisi mentioned that Chinese junks carried leather, swords, iron and silk. He mentions the glassware of the city of Hangzhou and labels Quanzhou's silk as the best.[9]In his records of Chinese trade, al-Idrisi also wrote about the Silla Dynasty (one of Korea's historical Dynasties, and a major trade partner to China at the time), and was one of the first Arabs to do so. Al-Idrisi's references to Silla led other Arab merchants to seek Silla and its trade, and contributed to many Arabs' perception of Silla as the ideal East-Asian country.[10]
Nuzhat al-Mushtaq[edit]
As well as the maps, al-Idrisi produced a compendium of geographical information with the title Kitab nuzhat al-mushtaq fi'khtiraq al-'afaq. The title has been translated as The book of pleasant journeys into faraway lands[11] or The pleasure of him who longs to cross the horizons.[12] It has been preserved in nine manuscripts, seven of which contain maps.[13]
The translated title of this work (in the 'pleasure of him ...' form) attracted favourable comment from the team selecting lists of names for features expected to be discovered by the New Horizons probe reconnoitring the Pluto system. The Al-Idrisi Montes is a geographical feature in that system named after him.[14]
In the introduction, al-Idrisi mentions two sources for geographical coordinates: Claudius Ptolemy and 'an astronomer' that must be Ishaq ibn al-Hasan al-Zayyat; and states that he has cross-checked oral reports from different informers to see if geographical coordinates were consistent.[13]
Publication and translation[edit]
An abridged version of the Arabic text was published in Rome in 1592 with title: De geographia universali or Kitāb Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī dhikr al-amṣār wa-al-aqṭār wa-al-buldān wa-al-juzur wa-al-madā’ in wa-al-āfāq which in English would be Recreation of the desirer in the account of cities, regions, countries, islands, towns, and distant lands.[15][16] This was one of the first Arabic books ever printed.[12] The first translation from the original Arabic was into Latin. The Maronite's Gabriel Sionita and Joannes Hesronita translated an abridged version of the text which was published in Paris in 1619 with the title of Geographia nubiensis.[17] Not until the middle of the 19th century was a complete translation of the Arabic text published. This was a translation into French by Pierre Amédée Jaubert.[18] More recently sections of the text have been translated for particular regions. Beginning in 1970 a critical edition of the complete Arabic text was published.[19]
Andalusian-American contact[edit]
Al-Idrisi's geographical text, Nuzhat al-Mushtaq, is often cited by proponents of pre-Columbian Andalusian-Americas contact theories. In this text, al-Idrisi wrote the following on the Atlantic Ocean:
The Commander of the Muslims Ali ibn Yusuf ibn Tashfin sent his admiral Ahmad ibn Umar, better known under the name of Raqsh al-Auzz to attack a certain island in the Atlantic, but he died before doing that. [...] Beyond this ocean of fogs it is not known what exists there. Nobody has the sure knowledge of it, because it is very difficult to traverse it. Its atmosphere is foggy, its waves are very strong, its dangers are perilous, its beasts are terrible, and its winds are full of tempests. There are many islands, some of which are inhabited, others are submerged. No navigator traverses them but bypasses them remaining near their coast. [...] And it was from the town of Lisbon that the adventurers set out known under the name of Mughamarin [Adventurers], penetrated the ocean of fogs and wanted to know what it contained and where it ended. [...] After sailing for twelve more days they perceived an island that seemed to be inhabited, and there were cultivated fields. They sailed that way to see what it contained. But soon barques encircled them and made them prisoners, and transported them to a miserable hamlet situated on the coast. There they landed. The navigators saw there people with red skin; there was not much hair on their body, the hair of their head was straight, and they were of high stature. Their women were of an extraordinary beauty.[20]
This translation by Professor Muhammad Hamidullah is however questionable, since it reports, after having reached an area of 'sticky and stinking waters', the Mugharrarin (also translated as 'the adventurers') moved back and first reached an uninhabited island where they found 'a huge quantity of sheep the meat of which was bitter and uneatable' and, then, 'continued southward' and reached the above reported island where they were soon surrounded by barques and brought to 'a village whose inhabitants were often fair-haired with long and flaxen hair and the women of a rare beauty'. Among the villagers, one spoke Arabic and asked them where they came from. Then the king of the village ordered them to bring them back to the continent where they were surprised to be welcomed by Berbers.[21][verification needed]
Apart from the marvellous and fanciful reports of this history, the most probable interpretation[citation needed] is that the Mugharrarin reached the Sargasso Sea, a part of the ocean covered by seaweed, which is very close to Bermuda yet one thousand miles away from the American mainland. Then while coming back, they may have landed either on the Azores, or on Madeira or even on the westernmost Canary Island, El Hierro (because of the sheep). Last, the story with the inhabited island might have occurred either on Tenerife or on Gran Canaria, where the Mugharrarin presumably met members of the Guanche tribe. This would explain why some of them could speak Arabic (some sporadic contacts had been maintained between the Canary Islands and Morocco) and why they were quickly deported to Morocco where they were welcomed by Berbers. Yet, the story reported by Idrisi is an indisputable account of a certain knowledge of the Atlantic Ocean by Andalusians and Moroccans.
Furthermore, al-Idrisi writes an account of eight Mugharrarin all from the same family who set sail from Lisbon (Achbona) in the first half of that century and navigated in the seaweed rich seas beyond the Azores.[22]
Idrisi describes an island of cormorants with which has been tentatively identified as Corvo, Cape Verde but on weak grounds.[23]
In popular culture[edit]
- Al-Idrisi was the main character in Tariq Ali's book entitled A Sultan in Palermo.
- Al-Idrisi is a major character in Karol Szymanowksi's 1926 opera King Roger.
- Al-Idrisi's ideas on Mare Tenebrarum[clarification needed] are alluded to in Pascal Mercier's book entitled Night Train to Lisbon.
- Al-Idrisi's works had a profound influence on European writers such as: Marino Sanuto the Elder, Antonio Malfante, Jaume Ferrer and Alonso Fernández de Lugo.
- The popular IDRISI GIS system, developed by Clark University, is named after Muhammad al-Idrisi
- In 2010, the Government of Mauritius unveiled a planisphere of al-Idrisi at Travellers's Lane, initiated by semiologistKhal Torabully, at the Jardin de la Compagnie, Port-Louis, to pay hommage to the work of the geographer.[24]
Gallery[edit]
- Al-Idrisi's map of the Indian Ocean.
- Al-Idrisi's map of what is modern day Azerbaijan and the Caspian Sea.
- Al-Idrisi's map of the northern shoreline of Marmara Region.
- Al-Idrisi's map of the Balkans.
- Al-Idrisi's map of the Balkans.
- Al-Idrisi's map of the Iberian peninsula.
- Al-Idrisi's map of the Iberian peninsula.
- Al-Idrisi's description of Finland
- Map of the Senegal River according to al-Idrisi.
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^Jean-Charles, Ducène (March 2018). 'al-Idrīsī, Abū ʿAbdallāh'. Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE.
- ^'Ash-Sharīf al-Idrīsī | Arab geographer'. Encyclopedia Britannica.
- ^Pierre Herman Leonard Eggermont (1 January 1975). Alexander's Campaigns in Sind and Baluchistan and the Siege of the Brahmin Town of Harmatelia. Peeters Publishers. pp. 7–. ISBN978-90-6186-037-2.
- ^Helaine Selin (16 April 2008). Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures. Springer. pp. 128–. ISBN978-1-4020-4559-2.
- ^ abScott, S.P. (1904), History of the Moorish Empire in Europe (Vol. 3), Philadelphia: Lippincott, pp. 461–462
- ^Title as given by John Dickie, Delizia! The Epic History of the Italians and their Food (New York, 2008) p. 17.
- ^Dunn, 2009, p. 452.
- ^Ashe, 1971, p. 48.
- ^http://www.muslimheritage.com/uploads/China%201.pdf
- ^
- ^Ahmad 1992
- ^ abLevtzion & Hopkins 2000, p. 104
- ^ abDucène, Jean-Charles (2011). 'Les coordonnées géographiques de la carte manuscrite d'al-Idrisi'. Der Islam. 86: 271–285.
- ^Horizons, New. 'Team'. Pluto Name Bank Proposal 2015-07-07. NASA. Retrieved 5 August 2015.
- ^Ahmad 1960, p. 158.
- ^Al-Idrisi 1592.
- ^Sionita & Hesronita 1619.
- ^Jaubert 1836–1840.
- ^Al-Idrisi 1970–1984.
- ^Mohammed Hamidullah (Winter 1968). 'Muslim Discovery of America before Columbus', Journal of the Muslim Students' Association of the United States and Canada4 (2): 7–9 [1]
- ^Idrisi, Nuzhatul Mushtaq – 'La première géographie de l'Occident', comments by Henri Bresc and Annliese Nef, Paris, 1999
- ^The journal: account of the first voyage and discovery of the Indies, p. 197, at Google Books
- ^Land to the West: St. Brendan's Voyage to America, p. 135, at Google Books
- ^http://www.demotix.com/news/407798/tribute-sharif-al-idrisi#media-407785Archived 3 July 2015 at the Wayback Machine
Sources[edit]
- Ahmad, S. Maqbul, ed. and trans. (1960), India and the neighbouring territories in the 'Kitab nuzhat al-mushtaq fi'khtiraq al-'afaq' of al-Sharif al-Idrisi, Leiden: Brill.
- Ahmad, S. Maqbul (1992), 'Cartography of al-Sharīf al-Idrīsī', in Harley, J.B.; Woodward, D. (eds.), The History of Cartography Vol. 2 Book 1: Cartography in the traditional Islamic and South Asian Societies(PDF), Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp. 156–174, ISBN978-0-226-31635-2.
- Al-Idrisi (1592), De Geographia Universali : Kitāb Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī dhikr al-amṣār wa-al-aqṭār wa-al-buldān wa-al-juzur wa-al-madā' in wa-al-āfāq, Rome: Medici.
- Al-Idrisi (1970–1984), Opus geographicum: sive 'Liber ad eorum delectationem qui terras peragrare studeant.' (9 Fascicles) (in Arabic), Edited by Bombaci, A. et al., Naples: Istituto Universitario Orientale. A critical edition of the Arabic text.
- Jaubert, P. Amédée, trans. & ed. (1836–1840), Géographie d'Édrisi traduite de l'arabe en français d'après deux manuscrits de la Bibliothèque du roi et accompagnée de notes (2 Vols), Paris: L'imprimerie RoyaleCS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link). Géographie d'Édrisi, Volume 1 at Google Books ; Volume 2. Gallica: Volume 1; Volume 2. Complete translation of Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq into French.
- Levtzion, Nehemia; Hopkins, John F.P., eds. (2000), Corpus of Early Arabic Sources for West Africa, New York, NY: Marcus Weiner Press, pp. 104–131, ISBN978-1-55876-241-1. First published in 1981. Section on the Maghrib and Sudan from Nuzhat al-mushtaq fi ikhtiraq al-afaq.
- Sionita, Gabriel; Hesronita, Joannes, trans. & eds. (1619), Geographia nubiensis: id est accuratissima totius orbis in septem climata divisi descriptio, continens praesertim exactam vniuersae Asiae, & Africae, rerumq[ue] in ijs hactenus incognitarum explicationem, Paris: Hieronymi BlageartCS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link).
- Ferrer-Gallardo, X. and Kramsch, O. T. (2016), Revisiting Al-Idrissi: The EU and the (Euro)Mediterranean Archipelago Frontier. Tijdschrift voor economische en sociale geografie, 107: 162–176. doi:10.1111/tesg.12177 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/tesg.12177/abstract
Further reading[edit]
- Beeston, A.F.L. (1950), 'Idrisi's Account of the British Isles', Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, 13 (2): 265–280, doi:10.1017/S0041977X00083464, JSTOR609275.
- Edrisi (1866), Description de l'Afrique et de l'Espagne, Arabic text with notes and French translation by R. Dozy et M.J. de Goeje, Leiden: E.J. Brill.
- Oman, G. (1971), 'Al-Idrīsī', Encyclopaedia of Islam Volume 3 (2nd ed.), Leiden: Brill, pp. 1032–1035.
External links[edit]
- Ahmad, S. Maqbul (2008) [1970–80], 'Al-Idrīsī, Abū, 'Abd Allāh Muḥ̣ammad Ibn Muḥ̣ammad Ibn 'Abd Allāh Ibn Idrīs, Al-Sharīf Al-Idrīsī', Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography, Encyclopedia.com.
- Online exhibition, Bibliothèque nationale de France (French)
- Idrisi's world map, Library of Congress. Konrad Miller's 1927 consolidation and transliteration, with high-resolution zoom browser.
- Online Galleries, History of Science Collections, University of Oklahoma Libraries High resolution images of works by al-Idrisi in .jpg and .tiff format.
- 'Travels into the Inland Parts of Africa: Containing a Description of the Several Nations for the Space of Six Hundred Miles up the River Gambia' features English translations of work by al-Idrisi. The manuscript dates from 1738.
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